Louis, Missouri, studies gambling addiction, including among Native American gamblers. Credit: David Patterson Silver Wolf. Silver Wolf said that Native Americans who aim to live a traditional life — such as going to ceremonies and refraining from alcohol and drugs — have the least amount of problems with gambling.
And you can talk about going back to learning your language, learning your culture. That is why there is an effort to connect people to their culture in Native American communities. The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of paved the way for tribal gaming. Today, 28 states have tribal casinos, which are hosted on reservations. A portion of the gaming revenue gets shared with individuals in tribes where the casinos are located. The money also benefit communities — supporting education, buildings and services.
And casinos also provide jobs in the thousands, although exactly how many is not clear. National Council on Problem Gambling. For example, the highly-popular tribal casino establishment, and namely Mohegan Sun is operated by a South African company. This, most probably, sounds like a dream to many casino operators around the world, but it is actually true - Native American tribal casinos can provide their services without paying taxes to the government.
We must mention that in this case, certain compacts and stipulations make casinos pay local states a fair share of their profits under a compact penned by the two parties. However, states know that tribal casinos are good for the economy in yet another way, and namely the gambling establishments ensure a lot of job opportunities.
Under IGRA, Native American tribal casinos are obliged to support tribal economic development with their profits by investing these funds in improving schools, roads, or to help charitable organizations or even families. California is the state that accommodates the most tribal-operated casinos. Meanwhile, more than half of American states allow or own gambling operations.
Do we go ahead to say that the people of New Jersey are inherently gamblers? Or Americans? If no, then native Americans should not be strongly associated with it. States are more involved in gambling activities than Native Americans. If you search online for 'Why Americans are associated with a casino? It is not just a Google problem; it reflects how Americans think about Native Americans.
Native Americans have the status of conquered states. When the early American puritan settlers arrived, they sent Native Americans out of their fertile lands and relegated to the poorest ones. The relocation to the most impoverished lands meant poor access to arable lands for farming.
Thus, agriculture was made impossible. Native Americans virtually lost all their culture and to cap it their lands to the new settlers. The government set up reservations to prevent further loss of lands, but this came too late as the damage was already done. Also, several promises were made to them concerning their welfare, which is largely yet fulfilled. In response to the problematic quality of life that many Native American tribes are subjected to, they demanded freedom to run casinos in their territory.
This massive potential for economic gain has obviously proved extremely attractive to many Native American communities, who are often strapped for cash and consider financial need as a key barrier to tribal success. For one, Katherine Spilde and Jonathan Taylor note that there are often rampant tensions between tribes and state governments in terms of regulating casinos States can believe that gaming activity on reservations detracts from economic activity in surrounding regions—by shifting the consumption onto reservation land—thus decreasing the economic activity taxable by the state Spilde and Taylor.
To address these tensions, the federal government passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act IGRA in , which upheld tribal autonomy with regard to gambling and made tribes answerable only to the federal government but encouraged the development of contracts between state and tribal governments to implement casino-style gaming on reservation land.
These contract negotiations and the tensions between states and tribes sometimes pose a critical challenge for Native American communities because they have led to state encroachment on tribal sovereignty, lack of political capital for programs to address Indigenous issues, and discrimination toward Native American tribes. In this way, successful implementation of gaming continues to require states and tribes to work together to reach mutual understanding and implement casinos in a way that encourages economic activity for both parties.
Even in cases of highly successful tribe-state negotiations, however, many casinos in Indigenous communities fail due to market conditions, lack of local demand, or poor management, which wastes the valuable money that the tribe invested.
In particular, poor management of casinos often leads to disastrous consequences for tribal finances. James Schaap argues that while some tribes rush to capitalize on gaming because of the high nation-wide demand, many times these tribes neglect to properly adapt their expectations to the economic conditions of the immediate area and fail to have a successful long-term marketing and management strategy The location of many tribes in rural, economically underdeveloped areas often makes reservation casinos inaccessible to mass consumers; many successful casinos are found in or near metropolitan areas.
Finally, even successful casinos can fail to impact their community based on the success or failure of the payout structures for each tribe, which can either generate growth and infrastructure investment or merely band-aid poverty, lack of education, lack of jobs, and drug addictions.
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